Background: MD-2 is a member of the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) family, a group of proteins that include the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (1-3). TLRs are signaling molecules that recognize different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses (4). TLR4, the major signaling receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS), requires the binding of MD-2 to its extracellular region for maximal response to LPS (5,6). The specificity of this response is determined by the species of MD-2; e.g., human MD-2 can cause mouse TLR4 to react to LPS analogs that are normally antagonistic to human but not mouse TLR4 (7).
Positive Control: Found in the liver and spleen, the secreted protein Lymphocyte antigen 96/MD-2 ooperates with TLR4 in the innate immune response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and with TLR2 in the response to cell wall components from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Immunogen: Rabbit polyclonal MD-2 antibody was raised against a peptide corresponding to amino acids near the middle region of human MD-2.
Purification Method: Antigen Immunoaffiinity Purification.
Formulation: Provided as solution in phosphate buffered saline with 0.02% sodium azide.
References: 1) O’Neill LAJ, Fitzgerald FA, and Bowie AG. The Toll-IL-1 receptor adaptor family grows to five members.Trends in Imm. 2003; 24:286-9.
2) Vogel SN, Fitzgerald KA, and Fenton MJ. TLRs: differential adapter utilization by toll-like receptors mediates TLR-specific patterns of gene expression.Mol. Interv. 2003; 3:466-77.
3) Makeda K, Kaisho T, and Akira S. Toll-like receptors.Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2003; 21:335-76.
4) Janeway CA Jr and Medzhitov R. Innate immune recognition. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2002; 20:197-216..
5) UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entry Q9Y6Y9, http://www.expasy.org/uniprot/Q9Y6Y9, Accessed January 9, 2007.
UniProt: Q9Y6Y9.
Caution: This product is intended FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY, and FOR TESTS IN VITRO, not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures involving humans or animals.
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