Background: Activation of NF-?B as a result of Toll-like receptor (TLR) and IL-1 receptor signaling is a major component of innate immune responses (reviewed in 1). Signals from these receptors are relayed by a number of adapter molecules such as TRIF, TIRAP, and MyD88 (2). Several regulatory mechanisms exist to control TLR signal transduction, including the inhibition of TLR expression and signaling by molecules such as ST2 and SIGIRR (3,4). Another mechanism is by the ubi-quitinization of selected TLRs by TRIAD3A, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (5). TRIAD3A is a RING finger protein that can bind to TLR4 and TLR9, and to a lesser extent TLR3 and TLR5, catalyzing the ubiquitization of these molecules. Overexpression of TRIAD3A promoted the nearly complete degradation of TLR4 and TLR9; this reduction was reflected in the decreased signal-specific activation by ligands specific for these TLRs. Conversely, depletion of TRIAD3A resulted in enhanced TLR activation (5).
Positive Control: Located in the cytoplasm, TRIAD3A is ubiquitous, with the highest levels of expression in testis and peripheral blood leukocytes.6.
Immunogen: Rabbit polyclonal TRIAD3A antibody was raised against a peptide corresponding to 15 amino acids near the amino-terminus of mouse TRIAD3A.
Purification Method: Antigen Immunoaffiinity Purification.
Formulation: Provided as solution in phosphate buffered saline with 0.02% sodium azide.
References: 1) Takeda K, Kaisho T, and Akira S. Toll-like receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2003; 21:335-76.
.) Vogel SN, Fitzgerald KA, and Fenton MJ. TLRs: differential adapter utilization by toll-like receptors mediates TLR-specific patterns of gene expression. Mol. Interv. 2003; 3:466-77.
3) Sweet MJ, Leung BP, Kang D, et al. A novel pathway regulating lipopolysaccharide-induced shock by ST2/T1 via inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 expression. J. Immunol. 2001; 166:6633-9.
4) Wald D, Qin J, Zhao Z, et al. SIGIRR, a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor-interleukin 1 receptor signaling. Nat. Immunol. 2003; 4:920-7.
5) Chuang T-H and Ulevitch, RJ. Triad3A, an E3 ubiquitinprotein ligase regulating Toll-like receptors. Nat. Immunol. 2004; 5: 495-502.
6) UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entry Q9NWF9, http://ca.expasy.org/uniprot/Q9NWF9, Accessed February 7, 2007.
UniProt: Q9NWF9.
Caution: This product is intended FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY, and FOR TESTS IN VITRO, not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures involving humans or animals.
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