Formulation: 50 mM HEPES, pH 8.0, 300 mM sodium chloride, 1mM DTT, and 10% glycerol
Purity: ≥80% estimated by SDS-PAGE
Shelf life (days): 365
Notes: Protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) catalyzes the conversion of arginine residues to citrulline within cellular protein substrates, resulting in the loss of a positive charge, which can alter protein structure and/or function.{45610} It is expressed in neutrophils, as well as a variety of tissues, including the brain, liver, lung, and kidney.{45610,45611,18134} PAD4 has a key role in NETosis, a lytic form of cell death characterized by the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).{45610} Upon neutrophil activation, PAD4 translocates to the nucleus where it citrullinates histones, initiating chromatin decondensation and the release of NETs.{45611,19778,61223} Neutrophils isolated from Pad4-/- mice exhibit decreased citrullination of histone H3 under both basal and LPS-stimulated conditions and are defective for NET formation in response to stimulation with LPS, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; Item No. 10008014), or hydrogen peroxide.{19778} Pad4-/- mice exhibit larger lesions than wild-type mice in a model of necrotizing fasciitis induced by M1 group A S. pyogenes lacking the extracellular DNase Sda1. Pad4-deficient mice also exhibit reduced infarct size in a model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and reduced tumor growth in a Lewis lung carcinoma model.{45612,45611} Serum PAD4 autoantibodies have been found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and are associated with disease severity.{19300} Cayman’s PAD4 (human, recombinant; His- and GST-tagged) protein can be used for enzyme activity assays. This protein contains two types of affinity tags, His and GST, that allow for flexibility in the removal of PAD4 following citrullination reactions and an enterokinase cleavage site that facilitates removal of both the His and GST tags.
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